Post by ۞Quaalude™۞ on Apr 26, 2011 0:38:53 GMT -5
During the month of April 2011, rumors that the particle had actually been found in the ATLAS experiment at CERN spread. According to Jon Butterworth, a member of the High Energy Physics group on the Atlas experiment, these rumors are founded, but the scientific process requires prudence before making any conclusion back then 32 MB's of Ram You was a King .
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson
Yes it's True ,
One of the most important discoveries in particle physics of the last 25 years has possibly just been made by experimentalists at CERN
, the giant laboratory just outside of Geneva on the border of Switzerland and France. Scientists there think that they have discovered the Higgs field, also nicknamed the "God particle" by Nobel laureate Leon Lederman who wrote a book with that title. If the result is verified, the Higgs will have a mass about 125 times the mass of the proton, making it as heavy as a medium-sized nucleus, and it will "fill in" the last missing piece of a puzzle involving the solution of one of the great outstanding problems in physics of the 20th century: the origin of all mass. If the properties of the Higgs are confirmed, the picture of fundamental particle forces will have been completed. That picture is known as The Standard Model.
www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0425/Higgs-boson-Was-the-God-particle-found
in the 1970s when physicists realized that there are very close ties between two of the four fundamental forces – namely, the weak force and the electromagnetic force. The two forces can be described within the same theory, which forms the basis of the Standard Model. This ‘unification’ implies that electricity, magnetism, light and some types of radioactivity are all manifestations of a single underlying force called, unsurprisingly, the electroweak force. But in order for this unification to work mathematically, it requires that the force-carrying particles have no mass. We know from experiments that this is not true, so physicists Peter Higgs, Robert Brout and François Englert came up with a solution to solve this conundrum.
They suggested that all particles had no mass just after the Big Bang. As the Universe cooled and the temperature fell below a critical value, an invisible force field called the ‘Higgs field’ was formed together with the associated ‘Higgs boson’. The field prevails throughout the cosmos: any particles that interact with it are given a mass via the Higgs boson. The more they interact, the heavier they become, whereas particles that never interact are left with no mass at all.
This idea provided a satisfactory solution and fitted well with established theories and phenomena. The problem is that no one has ever observed the Higgs boson in an experiment to confirm the theory. Finding this particle would give an insight into why particles have certain mass, and help to develop subsequent physics. The technical problem is that we do not know the mass of the Higgs boson itself, which makes it more difficult to identify. Physicists have to look for it by systematically searching a range of mass within which it is predicted to exist. The yet unexplored range is accessible using the Large Hadron Collider, which will determine the existence of the Higgs boson. If it turns out that we cannot find it, this will leave the field wide open for physicists to develop a completely new theory to explain the origin of particle mass
The Standard Model of particle physics provides a description of microscopic matter and their fundamental interactions. All matter is comprised of quarks and leptons. Three quarks bind to form the proton and neutron. The neutrons and protons stick together to form nuclei – the tiny, heavy central "hearts" of atoms. Leptons appear in nature in two types: electrically charged and neutral. Neutral leptons are called neutrinos and hardly interact with matter at all. There are three known charged leptons, the lightest of which is the electron. Electrons, which are negatively charged, are attracted to nuclei, which are positively charged, to form atoms. A good pictorial representation of an atom is a cloud of electrons swarming around a tiny nucleus, much the way bees might swarm around a queen who has left her hive. Since atoms make up everything in the world, quarks and leptons are the fundamental building blocks of nature.
There are three fundamental forces. The most familiar is gravity, which holds humans and other objects to the Earth, makes the Moon go around the Earth thereby leading to tides, lunar phases and eclipses, and causes the Earth to orbit the Sun thereby leading to seasons. Gravity is generated by objects with mass. But because gravity is such a weak force, only bodies of huge mass, such as the Earth and Sun, create a significant effect. In the subatomic world, where protons, neutrons and electrons are extremely light, gravity plays no role.
The second fundamental force is a combination of three forces previously thought to be independent of one another: magnetism, the electric force and the weak subnuclear interaction. The unification of the electric and magnetic forces was achieved in the 19th century, leading to electromagnetism. The electromagnetic force is the source for all macroscopic forces except those created by gravity. Friction, spring forces, air pressure, the forces in collisions, and so on, originate from the electromagnetic force. The weak subnuclear interaction is responsible for certain decays of nuclei and plays a role in generating the energy of the Sun and other stars in their cores. As its name implies, it operates at distances smaller than a nucleus and it is very weak. For this reason, it is difficult to observe. At the end of the 1960's, a theory was proposed that unified the weak subnuclear force with electromagnetism. Experiments in the 1970's and 1980's confirmed the electroweak theory. In 1979, Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow and Abdus Salam received the Nobel Prize in physics for unifying the weak subnuclear interaction with electromagnetism.
The third fundamental force is called the strong nuclear force. It binds three quarks together to from the proton and the neutron. It is also responsible for causing protons and neutrons to stick to one another in a nucleus.
One of the key ideas in physics is that the basic particle forces are generated through the exchange of vector gauge bosons. These are particles that spin with one fundamental unit and incorporate an enormous amount of symmetry. The electromagnetic force is generated when charged particles exchange photons (spin one particles of "light"), the weak subnuclear interactions are generated by exchanging heavy vector bosons known as W's and Z, while the strong force is produced by eight gluons.
The fundamental constituents – quarks and leptons – along with the two fundamental particle interactions – the electroweak interaction and the strong nuclear force constitute The Standard Model of particle physics. Gravity has not been yet incorporated because a good quantum theory of gravitation is not available. but I say it's Direction + like up is opposing Gravity , so if someone say's What's Up = the Opposite of Gravity !
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg
It would seem that scientists know everything there is to know about microscopic matter and its interactions. However, one aspect of The Standard Model has remained a mystery: the mechanism that produces fundamental mass. The weak subnuclear interactions are feeble and short-ranged because the W and Z have very heavy masses of 90 - 100 times the mass of a proton. In contrast, the photon is massless. It is this great mass difference that makes electromagnetism so different from the weak subnuclear force. How are masses for the W and Z created? During the past 30 years, theorists have proposed various mechanisms, of which only experiment can decide which is correct. One way to give masses to the W and Z is to use particles known as Higgs fields. Four such particles are needed. Three are absorbed by the W and Z and one is left over. In this mechanism, there should be one spin zero, electrically neutral particle observed in nature. This is the "God particle," the Higgs particle. The potential break-through discovery at CERN suggests that W and Z masses are created by the Higgs mechanism. The positively charged W, the negatively charged W and the neutral Z obtain mass by respectively absorbing positively charged, negatively charged and neutral Higgses.
The Higgs field also has the ability to generate masses for the quarks and leptons. Thus, if the expected properties of the Higgs field are confirmed, then the origin of all mass will be understood.
The generation of mass proceeds through a process known as spontaneous symmetry breaking. An object has symmetry if rotating it does not change its appearance. For example, if a rod is rotated as indicated in Figure A, its appearance is unchanged. A sphere has even more symmetry than a rod because a sphere can be rotated in many ways without changing its shape QC
www.jupiterscientific.org/sciinfo/higgs.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson
Yes it's True ,
One of the most important discoveries in particle physics of the last 25 years has possibly just been made by experimentalists at CERN
, the giant laboratory just outside of Geneva on the border of Switzerland and France. Scientists there think that they have discovered the Higgs field, also nicknamed the "God particle" by Nobel laureate Leon Lederman who wrote a book with that title. If the result is verified, the Higgs will have a mass about 125 times the mass of the proton, making it as heavy as a medium-sized nucleus, and it will "fill in" the last missing piece of a puzzle involving the solution of one of the great outstanding problems in physics of the 20th century: the origin of all mass. If the properties of the Higgs are confirmed, the picture of fundamental particle forces will have been completed. That picture is known as The Standard Model.
www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0425/Higgs-boson-Was-the-God-particle-found
in the 1970s when physicists realized that there are very close ties between two of the four fundamental forces – namely, the weak force and the electromagnetic force. The two forces can be described within the same theory, which forms the basis of the Standard Model. This ‘unification’ implies that electricity, magnetism, light and some types of radioactivity are all manifestations of a single underlying force called, unsurprisingly, the electroweak force. But in order for this unification to work mathematically, it requires that the force-carrying particles have no mass. We know from experiments that this is not true, so physicists Peter Higgs, Robert Brout and François Englert came up with a solution to solve this conundrum.
They suggested that all particles had no mass just after the Big Bang. As the Universe cooled and the temperature fell below a critical value, an invisible force field called the ‘Higgs field’ was formed together with the associated ‘Higgs boson’. The field prevails throughout the cosmos: any particles that interact with it are given a mass via the Higgs boson. The more they interact, the heavier they become, whereas particles that never interact are left with no mass at all.
This idea provided a satisfactory solution and fitted well with established theories and phenomena. The problem is that no one has ever observed the Higgs boson in an experiment to confirm the theory. Finding this particle would give an insight into why particles have certain mass, and help to develop subsequent physics. The technical problem is that we do not know the mass of the Higgs boson itself, which makes it more difficult to identify. Physicists have to look for it by systematically searching a range of mass within which it is predicted to exist. The yet unexplored range is accessible using the Large Hadron Collider, which will determine the existence of the Higgs boson. If it turns out that we cannot find it, this will leave the field wide open for physicists to develop a completely new theory to explain the origin of particle mass
The Standard Model of particle physics provides a description of microscopic matter and their fundamental interactions. All matter is comprised of quarks and leptons. Three quarks bind to form the proton and neutron. The neutrons and protons stick together to form nuclei – the tiny, heavy central "hearts" of atoms. Leptons appear in nature in two types: electrically charged and neutral. Neutral leptons are called neutrinos and hardly interact with matter at all. There are three known charged leptons, the lightest of which is the electron. Electrons, which are negatively charged, are attracted to nuclei, which are positively charged, to form atoms. A good pictorial representation of an atom is a cloud of electrons swarming around a tiny nucleus, much the way bees might swarm around a queen who has left her hive. Since atoms make up everything in the world, quarks and leptons are the fundamental building blocks of nature.
There are three fundamental forces. The most familiar is gravity, which holds humans and other objects to the Earth, makes the Moon go around the Earth thereby leading to tides, lunar phases and eclipses, and causes the Earth to orbit the Sun thereby leading to seasons. Gravity is generated by objects with mass. But because gravity is such a weak force, only bodies of huge mass, such as the Earth and Sun, create a significant effect. In the subatomic world, where protons, neutrons and electrons are extremely light, gravity plays no role.
The second fundamental force is a combination of three forces previously thought to be independent of one another: magnetism, the electric force and the weak subnuclear interaction. The unification of the electric and magnetic forces was achieved in the 19th century, leading to electromagnetism. The electromagnetic force is the source for all macroscopic forces except those created by gravity. Friction, spring forces, air pressure, the forces in collisions, and so on, originate from the electromagnetic force. The weak subnuclear interaction is responsible for certain decays of nuclei and plays a role in generating the energy of the Sun and other stars in their cores. As its name implies, it operates at distances smaller than a nucleus and it is very weak. For this reason, it is difficult to observe. At the end of the 1960's, a theory was proposed that unified the weak subnuclear force with electromagnetism. Experiments in the 1970's and 1980's confirmed the electroweak theory. In 1979, Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow and Abdus Salam received the Nobel Prize in physics for unifying the weak subnuclear interaction with electromagnetism.
The third fundamental force is called the strong nuclear force. It binds three quarks together to from the proton and the neutron. It is also responsible for causing protons and neutrons to stick to one another in a nucleus.
One of the key ideas in physics is that the basic particle forces are generated through the exchange of vector gauge bosons. These are particles that spin with one fundamental unit and incorporate an enormous amount of symmetry. The electromagnetic force is generated when charged particles exchange photons (spin one particles of "light"), the weak subnuclear interactions are generated by exchanging heavy vector bosons known as W's and Z, while the strong force is produced by eight gluons.
The fundamental constituents – quarks and leptons – along with the two fundamental particle interactions – the electroweak interaction and the strong nuclear force constitute The Standard Model of particle physics. Gravity has not been yet incorporated because a good quantum theory of gravitation is not available. but I say it's Direction + like up is opposing Gravity , so if someone say's What's Up = the Opposite of Gravity !
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg
It would seem that scientists know everything there is to know about microscopic matter and its interactions. However, one aspect of The Standard Model has remained a mystery: the mechanism that produces fundamental mass. The weak subnuclear interactions are feeble and short-ranged because the W and Z have very heavy masses of 90 - 100 times the mass of a proton. In contrast, the photon is massless. It is this great mass difference that makes electromagnetism so different from the weak subnuclear force. How are masses for the W and Z created? During the past 30 years, theorists have proposed various mechanisms, of which only experiment can decide which is correct. One way to give masses to the W and Z is to use particles known as Higgs fields. Four such particles are needed. Three are absorbed by the W and Z and one is left over. In this mechanism, there should be one spin zero, electrically neutral particle observed in nature. This is the "God particle," the Higgs particle. The potential break-through discovery at CERN suggests that W and Z masses are created by the Higgs mechanism. The positively charged W, the negatively charged W and the neutral Z obtain mass by respectively absorbing positively charged, negatively charged and neutral Higgses.
The Higgs field also has the ability to generate masses for the quarks and leptons. Thus, if the expected properties of the Higgs field are confirmed, then the origin of all mass will be understood.
The generation of mass proceeds through a process known as spontaneous symmetry breaking. An object has symmetry if rotating it does not change its appearance. For example, if a rod is rotated as indicated in Figure A, its appearance is unchanged. A sphere has even more symmetry than a rod because a sphere can be rotated in many ways without changing its shape QC
www.jupiterscientific.org/sciinfo/higgs.html